Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.2020,11, 101–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.10
influence the cellular uptake mechanism.
Keywords: cell-penetrating peptides; directtranslocation; drug delivery; endocytosis; internalization; Introduction
The cell membrane is a semipermeable barrier, serving as a protective layer for the cells. It is an essential organelle for cell survival and
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Review
Directtranslocation through the cell membrane
The directtranslocation of CPPs through the cell membrane as an energy-independent mechanism and an alternative to endocytosis was suggested after internalization of CPPs was observed at low temperature [23]. As a process which requires no energy
, directtranslocation is regarded as a single-step process including mechanisms involving the formation of inverted micelles, pores and the ‘carpet’ model [21]. This process can be tested under specific experimental conditions – low temperature, energy depletion and the use of endocytic inhibitors for
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Figure 1:
Mechanisms of CPP uptake. Two main mechanisms have been proposed: direct translocation through the ...
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.2014,5, 1477–1490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.161
particular important for distinguishing between directtranslocation to the cytosol versus endocytotic uptake followed by endosomal release. In fact, while there is clear experimental proof that NPs can be transported to the cytosol, the most straightforward pathway is uptake through endocytosis followed by
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Figure 1:
An overview of the “zoo” of different NPs concerning their composition, functionality, and fields o...